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- %% 0 gnuplot
- GNUPLOT is a command-driven interactive function plotting program.
- It is case sensitive (commands and function names written in lowercase
- are not the same as those written in CAPS). All command names may be
- abbreviated, as long as the abbreviation is not ambiguous.
- %% 1 save
- This command saves either user-defined functions, variables, or both
- to the specified file.
-
- Syntax: save {option} <filename>
-
- Where <option> is either 'functions' or 'variables'. If no option
- is used GNUPLOT saves both functions and variables.
-
- 'save'd files are written in text format and may be read by the
- 'load' command.
-
- The filename must be enclose in quotes.
- %% 1 print
- This command prints the value of <expression>.
-
- Syntax: print <expression>
-
- See 'expressions'.
- %% 1 plot
- The 'plot' primary command of the program. It displays functions
- and data in many, many ways. The full syntax of this command is:
-
- plot {ranges} <function> {style} {, <function> {style}...}
-
- Where <function> is either a mathematical expression or the name of a
- data file enclosed in quotes. User-defined functions and variables may also
- be defined here.
-
- Curly braces {,} denote optional items.
-
- A 'plot' command can be as simple as
-
- plot sin(x)
-
- or as complex as (!)
-
- plot [t=1:100] [-pi:pi*2] tan(t), "data.1" with lines, besj0(t) with points
- %% 2 style
- Plots may be displayed in one of three styles: 'lines', 'points', or
- 'impulses'. The 'lines' style connects adjacent points with lines. The
- 'points' style displays a small symbol at each point. The 'impulses' style
- displays a vertical line from the X axis to each point.
-
- Default styles are chosen with the 'set function style' and 'set data style'
- commands.
-
- Syntax: with <style>
-
- Where <style> is one of 'lines', 'points', or 'impulses'. These keywords
- may be abbreviated.
-
- Examples: Displays:
- plot sin(x) with impulses ; sin(x) with impulses
- plot [-9:30] sin(x) w points, cos(x) ; sin(x) with points, cos(x) default
- plot [] [-2:5] tan(x), "data.1" with l ; tan(x) default, "data.1" with lines
- plot "leastsq.dat" w i ; "leastsq.dat" with impulses
- %% 2 ranges
- These two options specify the region of the plot which will be displayed.
-
- Ranges may be provided on the 'plot' command line as synonyms for the
- 'set xrange' and 'set yrange' commands.
-
- Syntax: [{dummy-var =} {xmin : xmax}] { [{ymin : ymax}] }
-
- Where dummy-var is the independent variable ('x' is used by default) and
- the min and max terms can be expressions or constants.
-
- Both the min and max terms are optional. The ':' is also optional if
- neither a min nor a max term is specified. This allows '[]' to be used
- as a null range specification.
-
- Specifying a Y range turns autoscaling OFF.
-
- Examples:
-
- plot cos(x) ; use current ranges
- plot [-10:30] sin(pi*x)/(pi*x) ; set xrange only
- plot [t = -10 :30] sin(pi*t)/(pi*t) ; same, but use t as dummy-var
- plot [-pi:pi] [-3:3] tan(x), 1/x ; set y and xranges
- plot [] [-2:sin(5)*-8] sin(x)**besj0(x) ; set only yrange
- plot [:200] [-pi:] exp(sin(x)) ; set xmax and ymin only
- %% 2 data_file
- Discrete data contained in a file can displayed by specifying the
- name of the data file (enclosed in quotes) on the 'plot' command line.
-
- Data files should contain one data point per line. A data point may be
- specified either as an X and Y value separated by blank space, or as
- just the Y value, in which case the program will use the number of the
- coordinate as the X value. Coordinate numbers starts at 0 and are
- incremented for each data point read. Blank lines and lines beginning
- with ! or # will be treated as comments and ignored.
-
-
- This example compares the data in the file population.dat to a theoretical
- curve:
- pop(x) = 103*exp((1965-x)/10)
- plot [1960:1990] 'population.dat', pop(x)
-
- The file population.dat might contain:
-
- ! Gnu population in Antarctica since 1965
- 1965 103
- 1970 55
- 1975 34
- 1980 24
- 1985 10
- %% 1 shell
- The 'shell' command spawns an interactive shell. To return to GNUPLOT,
- type 'logout' if using VMS, 'exit' or your END-OF-FILE character if
- using Unix, or 'exit' if using MS-DOS.
-
- A single shell command may be spawned by preceding it with the ! character
- at the beginning of a command line. Control will return immediately to
- GNUPLOT after this command is executed. For example,
-
- ! dir
-
- prints a directory listing and then returns to GNUPLOT.
-
- $ is accepted as a synonym for ! in VMS.
- %% 1 clear
- This command erases the current screen or output device as specified by
- 'set output'. This usually generates a formfeed on hardcopy devices.
- Use 'set terminal' to set the device type.
- %% 1 load
- This command executes each line of the specified input file
- as if it had been typed in interactively. Files created by the 'save'
- command can later be 'load'ed. Any text file containing valid commands
- can be created and then executed by the 'load' command. Files being
- 'load'ed may themselves contain 'load' commands.
-
- The 'load' command must be the last command on the line.
-
- Syntax: load <input-file>
-
- The name of the input file must be enclosed in quotes.
- %% 1 exit
- 'exit', 'quit' and your computer's END-OF-FILE character will
- exit GNUPLOT. All these commands will clear the output device
- (as the 'clear' command does) before exiting.
- %% 1 quit
- 'quit' is a synonym for 'exit'. See 'exit'.
- %% 1 expressions
- In general, any mathematical expression accepted by C, FORTRAN, Pascal, or
- BASIC is valid. The precedence of these operators is determined by the
- specifications of the C programming language. White space (spaces and tabs)
- is ignored inside expressions.
-
- Complex constants may be expressed as the {real,imag}, where <real> and
- <imag> must be numerical constants. For example {3,2} represents 3 + 2i;
- {0,1} represents 'i' itself.
- %% 2 functions
- The functions in GNUPLOT are the same as the corresponding functions
- in the UNIX math library, except that all functions accept integer, real,
- and complex arguments, unless otherwise noted. The BASIC sgn() function
- is also supported.
- %% 3 real
- This function returns the real part of its argument.
- %% 3 imag
- This function returns the imaginary part of its argument as a real number.
- %% 3 arg
- This function returns the phase of a complex number, in radians.
- %% 3 sin
- This function returns the sine of its argument. 'sin' expects its argument
- to be in radians.
- %% 3 cos
- This function returns the cosine of its argument. 'cos' expects its argument
- to be in radians.
- %% 3 tan
- This function returns the tangent of its argument. 'tan' expects its argument
- to be in radians.
- %% 3 asin
- This function returns the arc sin (inverse sin) of its argument. 'asin'
- returns its argument in radians.
- %% 3 acos
- This function returns the arc cosine (inverse cosine) of its argument. 'acos'
- returns its argument in radians.
- %% 3 atan
- This function returns the arc tangent (inverse tangent) of its argument.
- 'atan' returns its argument in radians.
- %% 3 sinh
- This function returns the hyperbolic sine of its argument. 'sinh' expects
- its argument to be in radians.
- %% 3 cosh
- This function returns the hyperbolic cosine of its argument. 'cosh' expects
- its argument to be in radians.
- %% 3 tanh
- This function returns the hyperbolic tangent of its argument. 'tanh' expects
- its argument to be in radians.
- %% 3 int
- This function returns the integer part of its argument, truncated toward
- zero.
- %% 3 abs
- This function returns the absolute value of its argument.
- The returned value is of the same type as the argument.
-
- For complex arguments, abs(x) is defined as the length of x in the
- complex plane [i.e. sqrt(real(arg)**2 + imag(arg)**2) ].
- %% 3 sgn
- This function returns 1 if its argument is positive, -1 if its
- argument is negative, and 0 if its argument is 0. If the argument
- is a complex value, the imaginary component is ignored.
- %% 3 sqrt
- This function returns the square root of its argument.
- %% 3 exp
- This function returns the exponential function of its argument (e raised to
- the power of its argument).
- %% 3 log
- This function returns the natural logarithm (base e) of its argument.
- %% 3 log10
- This function returns the logarithm (base 10) of its argument.
- %% 3 besj0
- This function returns the j0th Bessel function of its argument. 'besj0'
- expects its argument to be in radians.
- %% 3 besj1
- This function returns the j1st Bessel function of its argument. 'besj1'
- expects its argument to be in radians.
- %% 3 besy0
- This function returns the y0th Bessel function of its argument. 'besy0'
- expects its argument to be in radians.
- %% 3 besy1
- This function returns the y1st Bessel function of its argument. 'besy1'
- expects its argument to be in radians.
- %% 3 floor
- This function returns the smallest integer not greater than its argument.
- For complex numbers, 'floor' returns the smallest integer not greater than
- the real part of its argument.
- %% 3 ceil
- This function returns the largest integer not less than its argument.
- For complex numbers, 'ceil' returns the largest integer not less than
- the real part of its argument.
- %% 2 operators
- The operators in GNUPLOT are the same as the corresponding operators
- in the C programming language, except that all operators accept integer, real,
- and complex arguments, unless otherwise noted. The FORTRAN **
- (exponentiation) operator is also supported.
-
- Parentheses may be used to change order of evaluation.
- %% 3 binary
- The following is a list of all the binary operators and their usage:
-
- Symbol Example Explantion
- ** a**b exponentiation
- * a*b multiplication
- / a/b division
- % a%b modulo
- + a+b addition
- - a-b subtraction
- == a==b equality
- != a!=b inequality
- & a&b bitwise and
- ^ a^b bitwise exclusive or
- | a|b bitwise inclusive or
- && a&&b logical and
- || a||b logical or
- ?: a?b:c terniary operation
-
- The terniary operator evaluates its first argument (a). If it is true
- (non-zero) the second argument (b) is returned, otherwise the
- third argument (c) is returned.
- %% 3 unary
- The following is a list of all the unary operators and their usage:
-
- Symbol Example Explantion
- - -a unary minus
- ~ ~a one's complement
- ! !a logical negation
- %% 1 start_up
- When GNUPLOT is run, it looks for an initialization file to execute.
- This file is called '.gnuplot' on Unix systems, and 'GNUPLOT.INI' on
- other systems. If this file is not found in the current directory,
- the program will look for it in your home directory (under MS-DOS,
- the environment variable GNUPLOT should contain the name of this directory).
-
- If this file is found, GNUPLOT executes the commands in this file. This
- is most useful for setting your terminal type and defining any functions or
- variables which you use often. The variable 'pi' is already defined for
- you.
- %% 1 user_defined
- You may define your own functions and variables. User-defined functions and
- variables may be used anywhere.
-
- User-defined function syntax:
- <function-name> ( <dummy-var> ) = <expression>
-
- Where <expression> is defined in terms of <dummy-var>.
-
- User-defined variable syntax:
- <variable-name> = <constant-expression>
-
- Examples:
- w = 2
- q = floor(tan(pi/2 - 0.1))
- f(x) = sin(w*x)
- sinc(x) = sin(pi*x)/(pi*x)
- delta(t) = (t == 0)
- ramp(t) = (t > 0) ? t : 0
-
- The variable 'pi' is already defined for you.
-
- See 'show functions' and 'show variables'.
- %% 1 set-show
- The 'set' command sets LOTS of options.
-
- The 'show' command shows their settings. 'show all' shows all the settings.
- %% 2 autoscale
- If autoscaling is set, the Y axis is automatically scaled to fit the range
- of the function or data being plotted. If autoscaling is not set, the
- current Y range is used. See 'set yrange'.
-
- Syntax: set autoscale
- set noautoscale
- show autoscale
- %% 2 output
- By default, plots are displayed to the standard output. The 'set output'
- command redirects the displays to the specified file or device.
-
- Syntax: set output {filename}
- show output
-
- The filename must be enclosed in quotes. If the filename is omitted, output
- will be sent to the standard output.
- %% 2 style
- Plots may be displayed in one of three styles: 'lines', 'points', or
- 'impulses'. The 'lines' style connects adjacent points with lines. The
- 'points' style displays a small symbol at each point. The 'impulses' style
- displays a vertical line from the X axis to each point.
-
- Default styles are chosen with the 'set function style' and 'set data style'
- commands.
-
- Syntax: set function style <style>
- set data style <style>
- show function style
- show data style
-
- Where style is either 'lines', 'points', or 'impulses'.
- %% 2 logscale
- Log scaling may be set on the X and/or Y axis.
-
- Syntax: set logscale <axes>
- set nologscale
- show logscale
-
- Where <axes> is either 'x', 'y', or 'xy'.
- %% 2 variables
- The 'show variables' command lists all user-defined variables and their
- values.
-
- Syntax: show variables
- %% 2 functions
- The 'show functions' command lists all user-defined functions and their
- definitions.
-
- Syntax: show functions
- %% 2 samples
- The sampling rates of functions may be changed by the 'set samples'
- command. By default, sampling is set to 160 points. A higher sampling
- rate will produce more accurate plots, but will take longer. In generating
- plots, GNUPLOT will use either the sampling rate set or the resolution of
- the current output device, whichever is smaller.
-
- Syntax: set samples <expression>
- show samples
- %% 2 terminal
- GNUPLOT supports many different graphics devices. Use the 'set terminal'
- command to select the type of device for which GNUPLOT will produce output.
-
- Syntax: set terminal {terminal-type}
- show terminal
-
- If <terminal-type> is omitted, the program will list the available terminal
- types. <terminal-type> may be abbreviated.
-
- Use 'set output' to redirect this output to a file or device.
- %% 2 zero
- GNUPLOT will not display points when their imaginary parts are greater
- than the 'zero' threshold. The default 'zero' value is 1e-8.
-
- Syntax: set zero <expression>
- show zero
- %% 2 xrange
- The 'set xrange' command sets the horizontal range of values which will
- be displayed.
-
- This range may also be specified on the 'plot' command line.
-
- Syntax: set xrange [{xmin : xmax}]
-
- Where <xmin> and <xmax> terms are expressions or constants.
-
- Both the <xmin> and <xmax> terms are optional.
- %% 2 yrange
- The 'set yrange' command sets the vertical range of values which will
- be displayed. This command turns autoscaling OFF.
-
- This range may also be specified on the 'plot' command line.
-
- Syntax: set yrange [{ymin : ymax}]
-
- Where <ymin> and <ymax> terms are expressions or constants.
-
- Both the <ymin> and <ymax> terms are optional.
- %% 1 help
- The 'help' command will display on-line help. To specify information
- on a particular topic use the syntax:
-
- help <topic>
-
- You may exit the help utility and return to the plot program
- by either pressing <return> at the 'Topic?' prompt or pressing your
- computer's END-OF-FILE character at any help prompt.
- %% 1 substitution
- Command-line substitution is specified by a system command encolsed in
- backquotes (``). This command is spawned and the output it produces
- replaces the name of the command (and backquotes) on the command line.
-
- Newlines in the output produced by the spawned command are replaced with
- blanks.
-
- Command-line substitution can be used anywhere on the GNUPLOT command line.
-
-
-
- Examples:
-
- a(x) = `leastsq` ; substitutes "`leastsq`" with output
- produced by a program named leastsq.
- a(x) = `run leastsq.exe` ; same but for VMS.
- %%
-